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    <title>Machine Learning on </title>
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    <description>Recent content in Machine Learning on </description>
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    <copyright>Ulrich Schroeders — All rights reserved.</copyright>
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      <title>Research</title>
      <link>https://ulrich-schroeders.de/fixed/research/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 29 Nov 2025 21:10:00 +0200</pubDate>
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      <description>&lt;h2 id=&#34;technology-based-assessment&#34;&gt;Technology-Based Assessment&lt;/h2&gt;&#xA;&lt;p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;img class=&#34;article-image&#34; width=&#34;300px&#34; height=&#34;300px&#34; src=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/img/smartphone.jpg&#34; alt=&#34;&#34; style=&#34;float: left; margin: 7px 20px 10px 2px; border-radius: 5px&#34;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xA;In the last decades, the digitalization of educational content, the integration of computers in different educational settings and the opportunity to connect knowledge and people via the Internet has led to fundamental changes in the way we gather, process, and evaluate information. Also, more and more tablet PCs or notebooks are used in schools and—in comparison to traditional sources of information such as text books—the Internet seems to be more appealing, versatile, and accessible. Technology-based assessment has been concerned with questions of comparability of test scores across test media, transferring already existing measurement instruments to digital devices. Nowadays, researchers are more interested in enriching the assessment by using interactive tasks and video material or make the testing more efficient using digital behavior traces.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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      <title>Age-related nuances in knowledge assessment - Much ado about machine learning</title>
      <link>https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/07/gc-age-ml/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 17 Jul 2021 17:40:02 +0000</pubDate>
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      <description>&lt;p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;img class=&#34;article-image&#34; src=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/img/spikes.jpg&#34; alt=&#34;&#34; style=&#34;border-radius: 5px&#34;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xA;This is the third post in a series on a paper — &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2021.101526&#34;&gt;&amp;ldquo;Age-related nuances in knowledge assessment&amp;rdquo;&lt;/a&gt; — we recently published in &lt;em&gt;Intelligence&lt;/em&gt;. The &lt;a href=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/05/gc%20age%20hierarchy/&#34;&gt;first post&lt;/a&gt; reflected on how knowledge is organized, the &lt;a href=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/05/gc%20age%20modeling/&#34;&gt;second post&lt;/a&gt; dealt with psychometric issues. This post is going to be more mathematical (yes, there will be some formulae) and it will be a cautionary note on the use of machine learning algorithms. Machine learning algorithms have positively influenced research in various scientific disciplines such as astrophysics, genetics, or medicine. Also, subdisciplines in psychology such as personality science (e.g., &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1002/per.2257&#34;&gt;Stachl et al., 2020&lt;/a&gt;) or clinical research (&lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-019-0607-2&#34;&gt;Cearns et al., 2019&lt;/a&gt;) are adapting the new statistical tools. However, as pointed out in my &lt;a href=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/fixed/research/&#34;&gt;research&lt;/a&gt; statement, every new method initially bears the risk of applying new techniques without the necessary background knowledge. I mainly blame statistical and methodological courses in psychology studies for this. We really have to teach math, stats, and methods more rigorously in university teaching, especially in structured PhD programs.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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    <item>
      <title>Age-related nuances in knowledge assessment - A modeling perspective</title>
      <link>https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/05/gc-age-modeling/</link>
      <pubDate>Mon, 24 May 2021 05:26:02 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/05/gc-age-modeling/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;img class=&#34;article-image&#34; src=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/img/facets_facade.jpg&#34; alt=&#34;&#34; style=&#34;border-radius: 5px&#34;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xA;This is the second post in a series on a recent paper entitled &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2021.101526&#34;&gt;&amp;ldquo;Age-related nuances in knowledge assessment&amp;rdquo;&lt;/a&gt; that we wrote with Luc Watrin and Oliver Wilhelm. The &lt;a href=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/05/gc%20age%20hierarchy/&#34;&gt;first post&lt;/a&gt; dealt with the way how we conceptualize the organization of knowledge in a hierarchy in a multidimensional knowledge space. The second post reflects on the way we measure or model knowledge. In textbooks knowledge assessments have a special standing, because they can be modeled both from a reflective and a formative perspective.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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      <title>Age-related nuances in knowledge assessment - A hierarchy of knowledge</title>
      <link>https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/05/gc-age-hierarchy/</link>
      <pubDate>Sat, 08 May 2021 22:26:02 +0000</pubDate>
      <guid>https://ulrich-schroeders.de/2021/05/gc-age-hierarchy/</guid>
      <description>&lt;p&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &lt;img class=&#34;article-image&#34; src=&#34;https://ulrich-schroeders.de/img/pyramide.jpg&#34; alt=&#34;&#34; style=&#34;border-radius: 5px&#34;&gt;&#xD;&#xA;    &#xD;&#xA;&#xD;&#xA;&#xA;We published a new paper entitled &lt;a href=&#34;https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2021.101526&#34;&gt;&amp;ldquo;Age-related nuances in knowledge assessment&amp;rdquo;&lt;/a&gt; in Intelligence. I really like this paper because it deals with on the way we assess, model, and understand knowledge. And, btw, it employs machine learning methods. Thus, both in terms of content and methodology it hopefully sets a stage for future research avenues that are promising to follow up on. I would like to cover some of the key findings in a series of blog posts. This first post deals with knowledge at different levels of granularity, how they relate to age, and the recurring finding that item sampling plays an important role in test compilation.&lt;/p&gt;</description>
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